CENTERIS/ProjMAN/HCIST.
Keywords: Information Systems; Health Information System; Business Process Re-engineering; Healthcare; Clinical Workflow
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +47-735-506-29; fax: +47-735-944-66.
E-mail address: soudabeh@idi.ntnu.no.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
© 2013 The Authors Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of SCIKA – Association for Promotion and Dissemination of
Scientifi c Knowledge
950 Soudabeh Khodambashi / Procedia Technology 9 ( 2013 ) 949 – 957
1. Introduction
Information technology (IT) is used in many industries today, with substantial benefits. “Medical
information science is the science of using system-analytic tools to develop procedures (algorithms) for
management, process control, decision making and scientific analysis of medical knowledge” [1]. On one
hand, the ability of healthcare organizations to perform their function (such as order entry, report writing and
decision support systems), reduce errors (medication and diagnosis) and achieve their goals can be provided
by using information technology-based systems, also known as Health Information Systems (HIS) [2, 3]. On

the other hand, some hazards such as its failure and its negative effects on patient or user related to application
of HIS have been reported [2]. However, healthcare organizations must strive to achieve their best possible
performance. So, evaluation of HIS is crucial to ensure that maximum benefits are gained by HIS. If the new
technology that applied in health care is not adapted to the current user activity, it may causes dissatisfaction
of users and they refuse to accept new technology. In other word, evaluation of HIS enables the assessment of
the extent to which HIS are fulfilling decision makers and users objectives in supporting the services of
healthcare delivery [2, 4, 5].
Based on reviewed literature, 45% of HIS were rejected due to user resistance [6-8]. It was reported that
misfit between system and clinical practice were more common, so, the ability of the new technology to fit to
the clinical environment became important. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate and redesign the clinical
process and workflow to make sure fit between clinical processes and HIS as implementing of information
technology in healthcare needs workflow redesign in order to achieve success [9].
Process defines as “a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specified output for a
particular customer or market. It implies on a strong emphasis how work is done within an organization” [10,
11]. Business process is defined as “a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business
outcome.” [10, 12]. The definition of clinical process can be similar to business process; with the difference
which it involves clinical activities. Clinical process includes steps that govern how to use resources to create
services based on customer requirements. A customer, in this definition, is a patient, a nurse or a specialist.
Clinical pathway also refers to clinical process, and was first introduced by Zander in the early 1980s to
healthcare [13].
Since the 1980’s, quality management methods have been introduced to be applied to healthcare
organizations. In the last decade, these methods have been used particularly to improve the quality of
healthcare, as well as improve healthcare processes. A number of management techniques were proposed and
applied to enhance adoption of HIS to clinical setting and the selection of methods depends on several factors
such as existing needs and particular work environment, available resources and available knowledge and
objectives. One of the methods of study on clinical process and clinical workflow is business process
reengineering (BPR). BPR can enable us to further understand the adoption of health information systems in
actual clinical settings [14]. Another suggested method in literature is Lean, which for optimizing clinical
workflow [15]. Lean method is used to focus more in details of the process as BPR has a holistic view about
the workflow. When BPR implemented in clinical process, the role of Lean method is to remove waste and

and subject area—for different distribution status in order to explore the differences and how data mining
technologies have developed in this period and to analyze technology tendencies and forecasts of data
mining under the above results. Also, the paper performs the K-S test to check whether the analysis follows
Lotka’s law. Besides, the analysis also reviews the historical literatures to come out technology diffusions
of data mining. The paper provides a roadmap for future research, abstracts technology trends
and forecasts, and facilitates knowledge accumulation so that data mining researchers can save some
time since core knowledge will be concentrated in core categories. This implies that the phenomenon
‘‘success breeds success’’ is more common in higher quality publications.
 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Data mining is an interdisciplinary field that combines artificial
intelligence, database management, data visualization, machine
learning, mathematic algorithms, and statistics. Data mining, also
known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) (Chen, Han, &
Yu, 1996; Fayyad, Piatetsky-Shapiro, & Smyth, 1996a), is a rapidly
emerging field. This technology provides different methodologies
for decision-making, problem solving, analysis, planning, diagnosis,

detection, integration, prevention, learning, and innovation
This technology is motivated by the need of new techniques to
help analyze, understand or even visualize the huge amounts of
stored data gathered from business and scientific applications. It
is the process of discovering interesting knowledge, such as patterns,
associations, changes, anomalies and significant structures
from large amounts of data stored in databases, data warehouses,
or other information repositories. It can be used to help companies
to make better decisions to stay competitive in the marketplace.
The major data mining functions that are developed in commercial
and research communities include summarization, association,
classification, prediction and clustering. These functions can be
implemented using a variety of technologies, such as database-oriented
techniques, machine learning and statistical techniques
(Fayyad, Piatetsky-Shapiro, & Smyth, 1996b).
Data mining was defined by Turban, Aronson, Liang, and Sharda
(2007, p.305) as a process that uses statistical, mathematical, artificial
intelligence and machine-learning techniques to extract and
identify useful information and subsequently gain knowledge from
large databases. In an effort to develop new insights into practiceperformance
relationships, data mining was used to investigate
improvement programs, strategic priorities, environmental factors,
manufacturing performance dimensions and their interactions
(Hajirezaie, Husseini, Barfourosh, et al., 2010). Berson, Smith, and
Thearling (2000), Lejeune (2001), Ahmed (2004) and Berry and Linoff
(2004) also defined data mining as the process of extracting or
detecting hidden patterns or information from large databases.
With an enormous amount of customer data, data mining technology
can provide business intelligence to generate new opportunities

Knudsen number
Viscosity parameter
Size-dependent continuum theory
a b s t r a c t
In this article, we reappraise the well-known equation of motion for a pipe conveying viscous fluid. We
utilize prominent principles of fluid mechanics such as Navier–Stokes’ equation as well as several benchmark
references in the field of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to reveal that the viscosity of the fluid flow
should not appear explicitly in the equation of motion of pipe conveying fluid. Based on this result, we
could develop an innovative model for one dimensional coupled vibrations of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs)
conveying fluid using slip velocity of the fluid flow on the CNT walls as well as utilizing size-dependent
continuum theories to consider the size effects of nano-flow and nano-structure. Therefore, this innovative
coupled FSI equation suggests that CNTs conveying nano-flow remain stable for higher velocities. In
the other words, the critical average velocity of the fluid flow at which the divergence instability occurs,
should be greater in comparison with the critical velocity predicted by the models used plug flow and
classical continuum theories.
 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) are becoming the most promising
material for nano-electronics, nano-devices and nano-composites
because of their enormous application such as nano-pipettes, actuators,
reactors, fluid filtration devices, biomimetic selective transport
of ions, targeted drug delivery devices, scanning molecule
microscopy, and scanning ion conductance microscopy [1–4]. In
this regard, a remarkable number of studies have been accomplished
to disclose the vibrational behavior of such nano-structures
conveying fluid. Tuzun et al. [5], Amabili et al. [6], Yoon et al. [7],
Natsuki et al. [8], Wang et al. [9], Xia et al. [10] and Wang and Qiao
[11] made important contributions in this practical area. In this research,
we would undertake a reevaluation for computational

modeling of carbon nano-tubes conveying viscous fluid with some
fresh insights as well as we try to develop an innovative one
dimensional (1D) coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) equation
by considering slip condition on the nano-tube wall. Khosravian
and Rafii Tabar [12] studied the flow of viscous fluid through a
carbon nano-tube and established a new equation of motion of
pipe conveying fluid by considering the viscosity effect. They found
that a nano-tube conveying a viscous fluid was more stable against
vibration-induced buckling than a nano-tube conveying a non-viscous
fluid. Wang and Ni [13] reappraised the computational modeling
of carbon nano-tube conveying viscous fluid represented by
Khosravian and Rafii Tabar [12] and then corrected the FSI equation
and disclosed that the effect of viscosity of fluid flow on the
vibration and instability of CNTs could be ignored. Lee and Chang
[14] analyzed the influences of nonlocal effect, viscosity effect, aspect
ratio, and elastic medium constant on the fundamental frequency
of a single-walled carbon nano-tube (SWCNT) conveying
viscous fluid embedded in an elastic medium. They revealed that
the frequency increased as the values of the viscosity parameter increased.
Soltani et al. [15] developed a transverse vibrational model
for a viscous fluid-conveying SWCNT embedded in biological soft
tissue. Their investigation determined that the structural instability
and the associated critical flow velocity could be affected by
the viscosity of the fluid and the nonlocal parameter. Khoddami
et al. [16] studied electro-thermo nonlinear vibration and instability
of embedded double-walled Boron Nitride nano-tubes
(DWBNNTs) conveying viscous fluid based on nonlocal piezoelasticity
theory. They reported that increasing the small scale parameter
decreased the real and imaginary parts of frequency and
critical fluid velocity. Furthermore, they concluded that the effect
of fluid viscosity on the vibration and instability of DWBNNTs
might be ignored. In many recent studies various size-dependent
continuum theories have been developed for vibration and stability
analysis of CNTs conveying fluid. Lee and Chang [17], Zhen
0927-0256/$ – see front matter  2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2013.04.047
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 311 391 5248; fax: +98 311 391 2628.
E-mail addresses: m.mirramezani@me.iut.ac.ir (M. Mirramezani), hrmirdamadi@
cc.iut.ac.ir (H.R. Mirdamadi), ghayour@cc.iut.ac.ir (M. Ghayour).
Computational Materials Science 77 (2013) 161–171
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Computational Materials Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/commatsci
and Fang [18], Jannesari et al. [19] included the effect of small-size
into equations of motion by using nonlocal elasticity in their studies
and showed that increasing nonlocal parameter had the effect
of a decrease in the critical velocity of fluid. Ke and Wang [20]
investigated vibration and instability of fluid-conveying doublewalled
carbon nano-tubes based on modified couple stress theory.
They showed that the imaginary component of the frequency and
the critical flow velocity of the CNTs increased with an increase in
length scale parameter. Wang [21] developed a theoretical analysis
of wave propagation of fluid-conveying single-walled carbon nanotubes
based on strain gradient elasticity theory. He showed that
the use of gradient elasticity theory had a dramatic effect on dispersion
relation. Wang [22] utilized nonlocal elasticity theory integrated
with surface elasticity theory to analyze dynamic response
of nano-tubes conveying fluid. He revealed that fundamental frequency

ABSTRACT
Understanding and exploiting the abilities of the human
visual system is an important part of the design of usable
user interfaces and information visualizations. Good design
enables quick, easy and veridical perception of key components
of that design. An important facet of human vision is
its ability to seemingly effortlessly perform “perceptual
organization”; it transforms individual feature estimates
into perception of coherent regions, structures, and objects.
We perceive regions grouped by proximity and feature similarity,
grouping of curves by good continuation, and
grouping of regions of coherent texture. In this paper, we
discuss a simple model for a broad range of perceptual
grouping phenomena. It takes as input an arbitrary image,
and returns a structure describing the predicted visual organization
of the image. We demonstrate that this model
can capture aspects of traditional design rules, and predicts
visual percepts in classic perceptual grouping displays.
Author Keywords
Perceptual organization, grouping, good continuation, proximity,
similarity, Gestalt, contour integration.
ACM Classification Keywords
H5.2. User interfaces, theory & methods.
INTRODUCTION
Design of user interfaces and information graphics is poorly
understood, and somewhat hit-or-miss in terms of effectiveness.
A number of issues influence the success of a
design, and these run the gamut of the underlying human
behavior. A design must be good cognitively (can the user

easily understand the semantic structure of the design?),
perceptually (can they effortlessly interpret the visual information
present in the design?), and socially (does the
design fit into the user’s workflow? will they want to use
it?). Here we focus on perceptual aspects of design.
Perhaps the most important aspect of human vision for design
is perceptual organization. Perceptual organization
refers to phenomena in which the visual system quickly and
seemingly effortlessly transforms individual feature estimates
into perception of coherent regions, structures, and
objects. These phenomena were first studied in detail by
the Gestalt psychologists, who produced a set of qualitative
Gestalt principles that govern pattern perception [1, 2], including
but not limited to: the tendency of things to group if
they are nearby (the Gestalt law of proximity); if they share
similar features (the law of similarity), or are smooth and
continuous (the law of good continuation). The duals of perceptual
grouping are important phenomena in their own right:
we quickly and effortlessly perceive boundaries between
certain visual textures, perceive edges between coherent regions
in an image, and quickly detect unusual items that
seem to “pop out” from the background. Examples of perceptual
grouping phenomena are given in Figure 1.
Following the visual system’s “rules” of visual organization
makes interpretation of visual aspects of designs effortless:
a user easily sees which labels refer to which parts of a diaa
b
c
d
e
f
Figure 1: Perceptual grouping examples, including
grouping by proximity & similarity (a, b), and grouping
by good continuation (c, d). (e) A user interface; what
is the percept? (f) A graph, from [5]. Will a user
perceive the trend of the data?
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bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise,
or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior
specific permission and/or a fee.
CHI 2009, April 4–9, 2009, Boston, MA, USA.
Copyright 2009 ACM 978-1-60558-246-7/09/04 $5.00.
CHI 2009 ~ Cognitive Modeling and Assessment April 8th, 2009 ~ Boston, MA, USA
1331
gram, notices a trend in data, and makes connections between
the “overview” and the “detail” in a map. Good designs
use the natural perceptual processing power of the
brain, and interpretations of such designs are fast, robust to
instruction, and cross-cultural [3]. With poor visual design,
the grouping structure may not match the structure of the
information, leading to confusing displays [for examples,

INTRODUCTION
It is well known that thin-walled structures, whose
material deforms in consequence of creep, collapse if
applied loads of constant magnitude act upon them for a
sufficient time[l]. For uniformly loaded spherical shells,
it is found that the length of the collapse time depends on
the magnitude of applied pressure [2]. The collapse time,
as may also be called the creep buckling time or the
structure life, is referred to the passage of time between
load application and structure failure. The calculation of
collapse times along with creep deformations for
axisymmetric shallow spherical shells is of major interest
in this paper.
A key element involved in the creep buckling analysis
is the selection of constitutive equations to describe the
creep behavior of the material[3-6]; an appropriate
selection should provide a good approximation to the test
data. If the equations selected only represent the secondary
creep, a linear relationship between the creep strain
and the time function evolves and the solution procedure
to deal with this situation is very straightforward. On the
other hand, if the equations represent either the primary
or tertiary creep, a nonlinear relationship results. Two of
widely adopted approaches to handle this rather complicated
situation are time-hardening and strain-hardening
rules@71. In general, predictions based on these two
approaches are quite different, and a choice between
them should depend on the comparison of their predictions
with experimental data.

Another key element is initial imperfections which, on
many occasions, are directly resulted from the unavoidable
inaccuracy of manufacturing process. It has been
shown that initial imperfections have a great impact on
reducing buckling pressures of spherical shells in both
static and dynamic responses[8-IO]. As to their influence
in the creep buckling analysis, there has been an indication
that the collapse time of cylindrical shells is
very much affected by the imperfection
magnitude [ 11,121.
In an earlier creep buckling analysis of shallow
tThe research reported on here was supported by the Office of
Naval Research, Contract Number NAVY 00014-75-C-0946.
spherical shells[2], a huge discrepancy was found between
theoretical predictions and experimental results on
creep deformations and collapse times. The shell specimens
used in experiments involved small departures
from sphericity. But the theoretical study on the same
specimens was performed by assuming the shells had no
imperfections. Therefore, it may be quite reasonable to
assume that initial imperfsctions, among other factors,
are at least in part responsible for the aforementioned
discrepancy.
The objective of this paper is to utilize the large
deformation creep buckling procedure to obtain creep
deformations and creep buckling times for simply supported
shallow spherical shells subjected to uniform
external pressure. Solutions to be obtained include those
of spherical caps with and without initial imperfections.
A comparison of these solutions with experimental
data[2] is intended to show the degree of sensitivity of
the shell collapse time to initial imperfections. The comparison
is also aimed at a close examination on the
reliability of constitutive equations of creep adopted,
from which a suggestion may be made on a more suitable

CRM organization, knowledge management and technology based CRM) have a positive and
significant impact on different perspectives of hotel performance. However, CRM technology failed to
show a significant relationship with learning and growth perspective of hotel performance.
Research limitations/implications – An emphasis has been placed on the direct relationship
between CRM dimensions and organization performance perspectives as well as, the study
concentrated only on 3 to 5 star hotels.
Practical implications – Meaningful implications are made that building an extensive and effective
CRM dimensions in hotel firms is crucial to face a high competition and improve performance in
Malaysia hotel sector.
Originality/value – The paper addresses CRM dimensions issues specifically for hotels in Malaysia.
Keywords CRM,CRMorganization, Customer orientation, Hotel performance,Knowledgemanagement,
Technology based CRM
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The high level of competition has been one of the most difficult challenges in the hotel
industry. It is reflected in increasingly narrow margins and growing pressure to
provide more and better service, which has led to increasing costs, reduced customer

loyalty and consequently a decrease in occupancy rate (Sigala, 2005; Verdugo et al.,
2009; Wang and Wang, 2009; Yi-Wen and Edward, 2010).
In Malaysia, the hotel industry operates in a business environment that is
characterized by aggressive competition, making it vulnerable to international
competition (Awang et al., 2008; Business Monitor International, 2011). Moreover, the
occupancy rates of hotels in Malaysia have fluctuated between 2005 and 2012
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1757-9880.htm
Received 8 January 2013
Revised 14 April 2013
Accepted 19 June 2013
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Technology
Vol. 4 No. 3, 2013
pp. 228-247
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1757-9880
DOI 10.1108/JHTT-01-2013-0002
JHTT
4,3
228
(Malaysia Tourism, 2012). This also indicates that hotel performance in Malaysia needs
improvement. In other words, hotel managers need to employ a suitable strategy and
practice to improve their performance (Awang et al., 2008).
Therefore, to improve both customer satisfaction and enhance profitability, hotels
must nowadays focus on implementing a CRM strategy that aims to seek, gather and
store the right information, share it through the entire organization and then use it all
organizational levels to create a personalized; and unique customer experience (Olsen
and Connolly, 2000; Sigala, 2005; Sigala and Connolly, 2004; Wu and Li, 2011).
Obviously, CRM is considered to be among the best strategies and practices for hotels
to improve their performance and ultimately to ensure their long-term business
survival (Kasim and Minai, 2009; Sigala, 2005; Wu and Li, 2011). There is a strong need
to ensure differentiators and customer satisfaction over a long period.
However, despite the wide use of CRM in the tourism industry, there has been only
limited research and publications within the hospitality industry (Hermans et al., 2009;
Vogt, 2011; Wu and Lu, 2012). Yoo et al. (2011) analyzed marketing research from 2000
to 2009 – published in four hospitality journals (Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,
International Journal of Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism
Research, and International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management). They
stated that, as consumers’ needs change and develop continuously, understanding
consumers’ behaviour has become a key success factor in a highly competitive
environment like the hospitality industry, and therefore; CRM will constantly receive
attention in future – research into hospitality marketing.

the information content and predisclosure information. This contradicts previous studies, and it is
interpreted as evidence of a low level of pre-announcement information. Confirming the results of
similar studies, the paper finds that unexpected earnings are best proxied using a model based on
consensus analyst forecasts.
Originality/value – This paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the information
content of earnings announcements in a small stock market with accounting standards that are
congruent with the International Accounting Standards.
Keywords Earnings, Financial forecasting, Denmark
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
One of the most compelling and intriguing research questions of our time is how
information is reflected in the price of stocks. In this paper we provide new evidence in
this area by analyzing Danish earnings announcements (EAs). First, we examine
whether the Danish stock market reacts to EAs in an efficient manner that is consistent
with the EAs containing relevant information. We then attempt to explain the market’s
reaction using the level of predisclosure information and amount of surprise contained
in the EA.
This study contributes to the existing literature in two respects. First, we analyze
the information content of EAs in a small stock market where the accounting
standards are congruent with the International Accounting Standards (IAS). The
manner in which small stock markets react to earnings announcements is interesting,
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1743-9132.htm
The author is grateful for helpful comments from Jan Bartholdy, Ken L. Bechmann, Bent Jesper
Christensen, Kasper Hansen, Johannes Raaballe, an anonymous referee, and workshop
participants at the 2004 European Accounting Association Conference and the University of
Aarhus.
IJMF
4,1

4
International Journal of Managerial
Finance
Vol. 4 No. 1, 2008
pp. 4-36
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1743-9132
DOI 10.1108/17439130810837366
since there are several aspects where it is likely that small and large stock markets
differ with respect to their information environment.With regard to pre-announcement
information it can be argued that the smaller size leads to a less developed market with
less investor sophistication and therefore less pre-announcement information. On the
other hand, one could argue that the smaller size leads to a more transparent market
with more pre-announcement information. Additionally, it is possible that the speed
with which the new information is incorporated into prices is affected by the size of the
stock market. Again, predictions regarding both a decrease and an increase in the
speed of adjustment can be set forth. Therefore in both cases the question of which
effect is the dominant one becomes an empirical issue.
The information content of EAs in a small stock market has previously been studied
in Kallunki (1996) in the context of the Finnish stock market. However, there are two
rather unique institutional features of the Finnish stock market that make it a less
suitable candidate for isolating the effect of stock market size on the information
content of EAs. First, as mentioned in Kallunki (1996), Finnish accounting standards
are very different from the IAS. Secondly, as also noted by Kallunki (1996),
short-selling is not possible in the Finnish stock market, and this has implications for
the market’s ability to adjust to negative EAs. In contrast, the Danish stock market
does not share any of these peculiar features with the Finnish stock market, hence
making the Danish stock market more suitable for isolating the effect of stock market
size on the information content of EAs. Thus, firstly, Danish accounting standards are
congruent with the IAS. Secondly, short-selling is allowed on the Danish stock market,
hence allowing investors to adjust to negative EAs. Analyzing the information content
of Danish EAs therefore provides for a cleaner examination of the manner in which
small stock markets react to EAs.

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